Origins and Principles of Clinical Biomechanics in Human Locomotion by Andrew Horwood and Nachiappan Chockalingam discusses key concepts of how biomechanics links to the development of pathology through mechanical laws, anatomy, physiology and health. It provides fundamental principles and practical data, and guidance of how to apply these in the clinical biomechanics field. Coverage includes: major joint movement, muscle action around joints, physiology and patho-physiology of bone, muscle and neurologic disorders. This reference is ideal for teaching students in biomechanics, orthopedics and physiotherapy. It should also be of interest to product development engineers, rehabilitation engineers, those working in prosthetics and orthotics, physiotherapists and occupational therapists. The authors explore the simple laws of motion as applied to anatomy and physiology, in order to help readers understand human pathology within the human lower limb and mobility. They then go on to look at materials science concerns within this field, such as engineering stresses and strains, principles and types of material properties and the shaping of structural properties. Readers will also find within this book information on tissue science, force generation, biological sciences, evolution in biomechanics, human gait, functional units of the lower limb and foot, and finally pathomechanical principles; all as applied to clinical biomechanics.
Key Features
Bridges the void between research biomechanics and clinically applied biomechanics
Links human locomotive biomechanics to medicine, physiology and evolutionary anatomy and medicine
Prepares students, bioengineers and clinicians for the reality of utilizing biomechanical principles in clinical practice, while informing researchers of the environment limits that most clinical biomechanics practice occurs in
Table of Contents for Origins and Principles of Clinical Biomechanics in Human Locomotion:
CHAPTER 1: PRINCIPLES OF MOTION
Introduction to Chapter:
Section 1.1:BASIC PRINCIPLES.
1. Introduction
2. Kinesiology
3. Biomechanics
4. Kinematics
5. Kinetics
6. Clinical biomechanics
7. Describing motion. The co-ordinate system
8. The co-ordinate system and joint axes
9. Energetics
10. Section summary
Section 1.2: NEWTONIAN BIOMECHANICS: APPLYING ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES TO CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS:
1. Introduction
2. Newton’s laws of motion
3. Newton’s 1st law of motion
4. Newton’s 2nd law of motion
5. Newton’s 3rd law of motion
6. Newton’s laws in the lower limb anatomy and gait
7. Section summary
Section 1.3: UNDERSTANING TERMINOLOGY IN CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS.
1. Introduction
2. Mass and weight
3. Force
4. Balanced forces
5. Unbalanced forces
6. Pressure
7. Scalars and vectors
8. Resultant forces
9. Moments and angular momentum
10. Section summary
Section 1.4: THE UNDERPINNING CONCEPTS OF CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS.
1. Introduction
2. Work
3. Power
4. Energy
5. The conservation of energy
6. Potential and kinetic energy
7. Inertia
8. Centre of mass
9. Centre of gravity
10. Section summary
Section 1.5: TERMINOLOGY OF MOTION.
1. Introduction
2. Speed and velocity
3. Acceleration
4. Positive and negative acceleration
5. Momentum
6. Linear momentum
7. Angular momentum
8. Centrifugal and centripetal forces
9. Impulse
10. Impact
11. Section summary
Section 1.6: THE LOWER LIMB AS A SIMPLE MACHINE TO CREATE MOTION: THE PRINCIPLES OF LEVER ARMS.
1. Introduction
2. Lever components
3. Levers in anatomy
4. Class one levers
5. Class one levers examples in anatomy
6. Class two levers
7. Class two levers examples in anatomy
8. Class three levers
9. Class three levers examples in anatomy
10. Why anatomy uses class three levers
11. Complications in relation to levers
12. Muscle contraction in relation to levers
13. Section summary
Chapter 1 SUMMARY.
Chapter 2: MATERIAL SCIENCE
Chapter Introduction
Section 2.1: THE PRINCIPLES OF LOADING MATERIALS: ENGINEERING STRESSES & STRAINS.
1. Introduction
2. Stress
3. Strain
4. Types of stress and strain
5. Tensile stress and strain (Poisson’s ratio)
6. Compression stress and strain
7. Shear stress and strain
8. Torsional stress and strain
9. Bending stress and strain with beams
10. Combined loads
11. Plastic and elastic deformation
12. Compliance and stiffness under stress
13. Strength and weakness in the concept of stress and strain
14. Brittleness and ductility under stress and strain
15. Pressure
16. Frictional forces and asperities
17. Viscosity
18. Stress and strain relationships in clinical biomechanics
19. Section summary
Section 2.2: PRINCPLES AND TYPES OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES.
1. .Introduction
2. At the atomic level
3. Isotropic materials
4. Anisotropic
5. Thixotropic materials
6. Elastic modulus and Hooke’s law
7. Young’s modulus
8. Non-Newtonian materials
9. Non-Hookean materials
10. Bulk modulus
11. Elastic limits
12. Elastic fraction
13. Hyperelastic theory
14. Pseudo-elasticity theory
15. Yield
16. Non-elastic/inelastic/plastic behaviour
17. Plastic flow
18. Material resonance
19. Composite materials
20. Section summary
Section 2.3: BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS UNDER STRESS
1. Introduction
2. Strain or Work Hardening
3. Tensile Strength
4. Ductility and Malleability
5. Brittle materials
6. Hardness
7. Toughness
8. Fractures and cracks
9. Types of fracture
10. Fracture toughness
11. Stress concentration and crack propagation
12. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms in crack propagation
13. Coefficient of restitution
14. Viscoelastic, anelastic behaviour and stress stiffening
15. Creep, stress relaxation and creep fracture
16. Fatigue
17. Coefficient of friction
18. Lubrication
19. Wear and tear
20. Shore score
21. Section summary
Section 2.4: THE SHAPING OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
1. Introduction
2. Shapes in altering material properties
3. Shapes in altering beam mechanics
4. Shapes in altering beam properties
5. Critical loading of columns and beams
6. Springs-dampers
7. Spring-damping in biology
8. Poroelasticity
9. Hydrodynamic lubrication
10. Hydrostatic lubrication
11. Poroelasticity, as a hydrodynamic-hydrosttic lubrication; a solution to friction and wear in biomechanics.
12. Section summary
Chapter Summary
(Precise content layout of remaining chapters not yet decided on)
CHAPTER THREE: TISSUE SCIENCE
Introduction
Section 3.1: THE BUILDING BLOCKS MUSCULOSKELETAL TISSUE
Section 3.2 : SKIN
Section 3.3: FASCIA
Section 3.4: TENDON & LIGAMENTS
Section 3.5: BONE
Section 3.6: CARTILAGE
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER FOUR: FORCE GENERATION
Chapter Introduction
Section 4.1: FORCE & EFFORT GENERATION THROUGH SKELETAL MUSCLE; THE ENGINE OF EFFORT IN BIOMECHANICS.
Section 4.2: NERVE INNERVATION AND FORCE INITIATION
Section 4.3: THE SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER FIVE: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
INTRODUCTION
Section 5.1: GENETICS IN BIOMECHANICS
Section 5.2: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Section 5.3: BIOMECHANICAL-PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
Chapter Summary:
CHAPTER SIX: EVOLUTION IN BIOMECHANICS
INTRODUCTION
Section 6.1: AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN EVOLUTION.
Section 6.2: SPECIFICS OF HOMININ BIPEDAL EVOLUTIONARY ANATOMY.
Section 6.3: EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN FOOT.
Section 6.4: THE EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN LOCOMTION.
Section 6.5: EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE IN CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS.
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER SEVEN: PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GAIT
INTRODUCTION
section 7.1: GAIT PRINCIPLES
Section 7.2: ANALYSIS OF THE BIOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF GAIT
Section 7.3: GAIT ASSOCIATED WITH ANATOMICAL VARIANCE
Section 7.4: GAIT IN DISEASE.
Section 7.5: MUSCLE FUNCTION & JONIT MOTION IN GAIT
Section 7.6: RUNNING GAIT
Section7.7: IMPACT; HOW THE BODY COPES WITH COLLISIONS
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE LOWER LIMB.
Chapter Introduction
Section 8.1: PRINCIPLES OF SOFT TISSUES AS A FUNCTIONAL UNIT.
Section 8.2: PRINCIPLES OF JOINT STABILITY AND MOTION IN FUNCTIONAL UNITS
Section 8.3: THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE LOWER SPINE & PELVIS IN GAIT.
Section 8.4: THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE HIP IN GAIT.
Section 8.5: THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE KNEE IN GAIT
Section 8.6: THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE ANKLE IN GAIT.
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER NINE: THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE FOOT IN GAIT.
Chapter Introduction
Section 9.1: TOTAL FOOT FUNCTION.
Section 9.2: THE FOOT’S ANATOMICAL COLUMNS IN FUNCTION
Section 9.3: THE FOOTS ANATOMY AND FUNCTION BY REGION
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER TEN: PATHOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES
Chapter Introduction
Section 10.1: PATHOMECHANICS OF THE HIP
Section 10.2: PATHOMECHANICS AT THE KNEE
Section 10.3: PATHOMECHANICS OF THE ANTERIOR LEG
Section 10.4: PATHOMECHANICS OF THE ACHILLES
Section 10.5: PATHOMECHANICS AT THE ANKLE.
Section 10.6: PATHOMECHANICS AT THE REARFOOT & MIDFOOT
Section 10.7: PATHOMECHANICS OF HEEL PATHOLOGY
Section 10.8: PATHOMECHANICS IN THE FOREFOOT
Section 10.9: THE BIOMECHANICS OF DISEASE
Section 10.10: CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS: AN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PATHOMECHANICS
